Good afternoon Mr. Governor, Members of the Board, esteemed colleagues. Today I will be speaking about key developments in central banking—most notably, on the concept of central bank independence, ...

Central banks control money supply and set interest rates, impacting inflation and spending. They regulate banks, ensuring stability through capital and reserve requirements. The Fed, as the U.S.

One hundred years ago this month, on December 23, 1913, the Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act, establishing a national central-banking system in the United States. The governing board of the ...

In 1992 the Bank of Finland, the country’s central bank, launched a curious card called Avant. It looked like a debit card, except that it was meant to replicate the properties of cash. The money ...